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Shankill Road bombing
The Shankill Road bombing was carried out by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) on 23 October 1993 and is one of the most notorious incidents of the Troubles in Northern Ireland. The IRA intended to assassinate the leaders of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), who were to be meeting in a room above Frizzell's fish shop on Shankill Road, Belfast. Two IRA members were to enter the shop disguised as deliverymen, then force the customers out at gunpoint and plant a time bomb with a short fuse. However, when the IRA members entered the shop with the bomb, it exploded prematurely. One of the IRA members was killed along with a UDA member and eight Protestant civilians.〔(Malcolm Sutton's Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland: 23 October 1993 ). Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN).〕 More than fifty people were wounded. Unbeknownst to the IRA, the meeting had been rescheduled.
The Ulster loyalist Shankill Road had been the location of other bomb and gun attacks, including the Balmoral Furniture Company bombing in 1971 and Bayardo Bar attack in 1975, but the 1993 bombing had the highest casualties and resulted in a wave of revenge attacks by loyalists. In the week that followed, loyalists killed 14 civilians, almost all of them Irish Catholics. The deadliest attack took place in Greysteel, where UDA members opened fire in a pub frequented by Catholics, killing eight civilians and wounding 13.
==Background==
During the early 1990s, loyalist paramilitaries drastically increased their attacks on the Irish Catholic and Irish nationalist community and – for the first time since the beginning of the Troubles – were responsible for more deaths than republicans.〔("Johnny Adair: Feared Loyalist Leader" ). BBC News, 6 July 2000. Retrieved on 27 February 2007.〕 The UDA's West Belfast brigade, and its commander Johnny Adair, played a key role in this. Adair had become the group's commander in 1990.
The UDA's Shankill headquarters was above Frizzell's fish shop on the Shankill Road.〔Henry McDonald & Jim Cusack. ''UDA: Inside the Heart of Loyalist Terror''. Penguin Ireland, 2004. pp. 247–249〕〔Dillon, Martin. ''The Trigger Men: Assassins and Terror Bosses in the Ireland Conflict''. Random House, 2011. Part 2: Taking Down 'Mad Dog'.〕 The UDA's Inner Council and West Belfast brigade regularly met there on Saturdays.〔〔Wood, Ian S. ''Crimes of Loyalty: A History of the UDA''. Edinburgh University Press, 2006. pp.170–172〕〔Moloney, Ed. ''A Secret History of the IRA''. 2007 (). p.415〕 Peter Taylor says it was also the office of the Loyalist Prisoners' Association (LPA), and on Saturday mornings was normally crowded, as that was when money was given to prisoners' families.〔Taylor, Peter. ''Loyalists''. Bloomsbury Publishing, 1999. p.224. ISBN 0-7475-4519-7〕 According to Henry McDonald and Jim Cusack, the IRA had the building under surveillance for some time.〔 They say that the IRA decided to strike when one of their scouts spotted Adair entering the building on the morning of Saturday 23 October 1993.〔 Later, in a secretly-recorded conversation with police, Adair confirmed that he had been in the building that morning.〔
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